Annotated Bibliography
All of the sources used in this website
1. Akhtar, Nadeem, et al. “Post-COVID 19 Tourism: Will Digital Tourism Replace Mass Tourism?” Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 10, 2021, p. 5352. MDPI, https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105352.
Akhtar et al. explore how the pandemic might shift tourism toward digital alternatives rather than how mass tourism operated before. They use the PRISMA-2015 framework to select 60 articles from major databases to identify three major ideas of research being, virtual reality tourism, virtual tourism broadly, and augmented reality. They argue that these digital/virtual forms are very relevant in the post-pandemic environment and likely what they believe would occur after the lasting effects of Covid. While they acknowledge virtual tourism does not fully replicate real-world travel experiences, they argue it “is a practical and valuable option for mass tourism during the COVID-19 outbreak and can replace mass tourism after the pandemic.” The authors also highlight international collaboration in digital-tourism research between China, the US, and even Spain where they note limits in infrastructure in developing nations for deploying virtual/augmented reality tourism.
2. Barnett, Arnold, and Jan Reig Torra. “Airline safety: Still getting better?” Journal of Air Transport Management, vol. 119, 2024, p. 102641. Elsevier, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2024.102641.
Barnett & Torra (2024) analyze global aviation safety trends to determine if the historical rate of safety improvement has been sustained in recent years. Using statistical analysis of accident data, the authors find that the risk of a fatal accident has continued to decline, demonstrating that intensive safety management systems and regulatory oversight remain effective. This study provides a crucial macro-level perspective on the overall safety of the airline industry, arguing through quantitative evidence that flying is an increasingly safe mode of transportation. While the article focuses on aggregate global trends, its findings are essential for contextualizing public perception and policy debates, offering a data-driven counterpoint to fears that may arise following high-profile incidents. The research ultimately serves as a strong argument for the success of current safety protocols, though its broad scope means it does not address the varying risk levels between specific airlines or regions.
3. Câmara, G. F. M., et al. “The effects of airline choice on accommodation type and length of stay: Evidence of an islands region.” Journal of Applied Economics, vol. 24, no. 1, 2021, pp. 241–257. Taylor & Francis, https://doi.org/10.1080/15140326.2021.1920223.
Câmara, Silva, Vieira, and Teixeira (2021) examine how travelers’ airline choices influence accommodation type and length of stay in an island tourism context, offering insights into how mobility decisions shape broader leisure patterns. Using econometric modeling on data from an island region, the authors find that the choice of low-cost versus traditional airlines significantly affects both the duration and nature of tourists’ stays, with budget airline passengers tending to book shorter visits and lower-cost accommodations. This relationship shows how transportation accessibility and pricing structures are key in determining travel behavior, particularly in geographically isolated destinations. This study provides a useful pre-pandemic baseline for understanding how mobility infrastructure constrains and reflects cultural choices about leisure. Post-pandemic travel data showing renewed interest in local and slower travel can be read as a reversal of the high-mobility, short-stay patterns described here, indicating a cultural shift toward more sustainable, meaningful, and extended forms of tourism. While the article is narrowly focused on airline economics rather than cultural attitudes, it helps connect mobility data to behavioral change, demonstrating how modes of travel and accommodation choices jointly reveal evolving values of accessibility, comfort, and leisure in tourism systems.
4. Currie, Graham, et al. “Evidence of a Post-COVID Change in Travel Behaviour – Self-Reported Expectations of Commuting in Melbourne.” Transportation Research. Part A, Policy and Practice, vol. 153, 2021, pp. 218–34. Elsevier, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2021.09.009.
In this article, Currie, Jain, and Aston explain how individuals in Melbourne, Australia expected their commuting and travel behavior to change after the COVID-19 pandemic. Using survey data collected during and after lockdowns, the authors assess shifts in travel frequency, preferred transport modes, and the persistence of new habits such as remote work and reduced reliance on public transport. Although the study centers on commuting, it offers insight into broader mobility patterns, including reduced willingness to travel in crowded spaces and a greater preference for flexible, individualized travel. The authors report that public transport use was projected to remain about 20% below pre-pandemic levels, while car use and local travel increased. This also relates to leisure as individuals favor closer-to-home, safer, and more private travel experiences even for recreation.
5. Dogru, Tarik, et al. “The Resilience of the Lodging Industry during the Pandemic: Hotels vs. Airbnb.” International Journal of Hospitality Management, vol. 108, Feb. 2023, p. 103362. U.S. National Library of Medicine, pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9707363/.
Dogru and colleagues compare the resilience of traditional hotels and peer-to-peer accommodation platforms during the pandemic. Using large-scale panel data across U.S. states, they found that although the Airbnb/short-term rental (STR) market and the hotel sector both experienced steep initial demand drops, the magnitude and trajectory of recovery diverged notably. Hotels suffered sharper declines in occupancy and revenue, particularly in highly restricted states, because their centralized operations, higher fixed costs, and reliance on business travel made them more vulnerable to pandemic shocks and regulatory constraints. In contrast, Airbnb’s decentralized structure, flexible cancellation policies, and domestic oriented guest base enabled quicker adaptation to local travel shifts and shorter stays, making them less dependent on international or business travel. The authors also highlight that the variance in performance was partly attributable to state-level policy stringency: hotels in more restrictive jurisdictions saw deeper and longer downturns, while Airbnb listings were less sensitive to those external regulations. This contrast exposes how post-COVID travelers valued both assurance and flexibility, trust in standardized safety protocols in hotels and freedom and autonomy in peer-to-peer stays, reflecting deeper cultural changes toward risk perception, mobility preferences, and leisure behavior. The study thus directly supports our project’s focus on how shifting travel data reveals transformations in leisure culture, showing that not only did numeric outcomes change, but the underlying value systems and mobility attitudes among travellers evolved as well.
6. Ebrahim Shaik, Md., and Samsuddin Ahmed. “An overview of the impact of covid-19 on Road Traffic Safety and Travel Behavior.” Transportation Engineering, vol. 9, Sept. 2022, p. 100119. Elsevier, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.treng.2022.100119.
Shaik and Ahmed provide a comprehensive overview of how COVID-19 altered global road traffic safety and travel behavior, synthesizing studies and traffic data from multiple countries. The authors report significant decreases in commuting and long distance travel due to lockdowns, while leisure oriented and local trips increased as people sought safer, more isolated mobility options. Interestingly, despite lower overall traffic volumes, the paper identifies a paradoxical rise in road fatalities and speeding incidents, attributed to emptier roads and reduced law enforcement presence. Moreover, the study highlights the global surge in private vehicle usage and the sharp decline in public transit ridership, illustrating how pandemic conditions reinforced people’s desire for autonomy, safety, and proximity. The authors argue that these behavioral shifts may persist even after the pandemic, reshaping transportation planning and sustainability goals worldwide. In the context of our research, this source deepens our understanding of how post-pandemic mobility trends reveal broader cultural changes, prioritizing individual control, personal space, and risk aversion over collective or environmentally friendly forms of travel.
7. Farmaki, Anna, et al. “Impacts of covid-19 on peer-to-peer accommodation platforms: Host perceptions and responses.” International Journal of Hospitality Management, vol. 91, Oct. 2020, p. 102663. Elsevier, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102663.
This study explores how short‐term rental hosts on peer‐to‐peer platforms (such as Airbnb) perceived and responded to the disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, based on 45 semi-structured interviews across several European countries. The authors find that many hosts faced immediate economic stress from canceled bookings and travel bans, yet they also adapted by introducing heightened hygiene measures, contactless check-ins, and flexible cancellation policies to align with new traveler expectations. Importantly, the study demonstrates a cultural shift in how hosting and travel were understood, not simply as commercial transactions, but as practices embedded in trust, social responsibility, and the reconfiguration of private and shared spaces. Hosts categorized into groups such as “optimistic,” “cautious,” and “pessimistic” reflect how responses varied depending on their prior experience, property type, and local context. For example, hosts renting entire properties reported fewer health-concern issues compared to those sharing homes with guests. In relation to our research question, How did shifts in travel data mirror changing cultural attitudes toward leisure and mobility after COVID-19? This source supports the argument that mobility and leisure were reframed by health anxieties and societal value changes, shaping both supply side practices and guest behaviors in tourism. While the study is rich in qualitative insight, it is limited to European hosts and may not fully capture global or guest-side perspectives, meaning it should be complemented by quantitative data in our tourism mobility project.
8. Federal Aviation Administration’s oversight of foreign airline safety: hearing before the Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight of the Committee on Public Works and Transportation, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, second session, October 4, 1994. U.S. G.P.O., 1995.
This 1994 Congressional Hearing before the House Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight examines the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) program for ensuring the safety of foreign airlines operating in the United States. The testimony and documents within the hearing argue that oversight gaps and inconsistent enforcement could potentially allow foreign carriers with substandard safety practices to operate in U.S. airspace, thereby putting passengers at risk. This government document provides a critical historical snapshot of policy and regulatory concerns at a time of rapidly expanding international air travel, directly linking governmental oversight to tangible safety outcomes. It serves as a primary source argument for the necessity of robust, transparent, and enforceable international safety standards, revealing the complex political and logistical challenges of creating a truly global safety regime. The hearing underscores that safety is not merely a technical achievement but is also deeply dependent on regulatory frameworks and diplomatic relations.
9. Flaherty, Gerard T., et al. “Travel in the Time of COVID: A Review of International Travel Health in a Global Pandemic.” Current Infectious Disease Reports, vol. 24, no. 10, 2022, pp. 129–45. Springer, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-022-00784-3.
Within this article, the authors explain how the COVID‑19 pandemic has impacted international travel health, the practices of travel medicine, and the mobility landscape. The authors highlight how easily things are spread aboard planes, trains, buses, cruise ships and mass‐gatherings. Also, the role of mitigation strategies like wearing masks and social distancing in travel contexts are explored and related to how vaccines and therapeutics have influenced travel resumption. Although the primary topic is health and travel medicine, the article touches on mobility behaviour changes. For example it explains how risk perception, new safety protocols, and the integration of digital/travel technologies can affect the decision to travel, how often, by which mode, and under what conditions. The authors anticipated that COVID-19 will transition into an endemic phase, meaning travel mobility will not simply “return to normal” but evolve over time and have new regulations moving forward.
10. Lee, S., et al. “Family tourism development in the new era of tourism: Korean tourists’ domestic trip preferences for accommodation, travel duration, destination, and natural environment.” Humanities & Social Sciences Communications, vol. 10, no. 1, 2023, Article 686. Springer Nature, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-02148-1.
This study examines how Korean families’ domestic travel preferences evolved after COVID-19, focusing on choices around accommodation type, trip duration, destination, and the role of natural environments. The author argues that family-oriented domestic tourism became central after the pandemic and redefined notions of leisure. Lee, Kim, and Han argue that the pandemic reshaped travel behaviors in a positive way by strengthening preferences for safety, proximity, and nature-based destinations. Families increasingly valued trips that balanced social bonding with wellness and environmental appreciation, reflecting a cultural shift toward slower, more mindful forms of mobility. The authors suggest that these changes indicate a structural transformation in tourism demand rather than a temporary disruption. This article is related to our research question because it directly shows how travel data reflects changing cultural attitudes toward leisure and mobility after COVID-19. The findings, such as a rise in domestic and shorter trips, reflect the social and health trends in mobility choices. It also supports the idea that travel behaviors can serve as a quantitative and cultural information, and provides how destination and accommodation preferences can be used to infer underlying cultural priorities. This paper focuses on domestic, family-centered tourism, offering a grounded, sociocultural perspective. It complements other research on post-pandemic mobility by showing the localized, safety-conscious leisure. While the article provides insights into Korean domestic tourism, its cultural specificity may limit generalization to other contexts. The data are cross-sectional, which makes it difficult to assess the durability of these shifts over time. Nonetheless, this paper still makes a solid foundation for understanding how travel data can encode evolving cultural attitudes toward leisure and mobility.
11. Li, X., et al. “Impacts of COVID-19 on Tourists’ Destination Preferences.” Tourism Geographies, vol. 23, no. 3, 2021, pp. 557–566. U.S. National Library of Medicine, pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8666151/.
This resource argues that COVID-19 significantly shifted tourists’ destination preferences toward safer, domestic, and nature-based locations. The authors use survey data and cross-national analyses of traveler behavior as evidence to support their claims. This resource is important because it offers empirical insight into how major global crises reshape tourism patterns and traveler priorities. For our project, this article helps us understand how external forces like public health concerns shape modern tourism motivations, and it supports our analysis of how safety awareness and environmental preferences influence post-pandemic travel decisions.
12. Mody, M., and L. Hanks. “Consumption Authenticity in the Accommodations Industry: The Keys to Brand Love and Brand Loyalty for Hotels and Airbnb.” Journal of Travel Research, vol. 59, no. 1, 2020, pp. 173–189. SAGE Publishing, https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519826233.
Mody and Hanks explore how travelers perceive authenticity in the accommodations industry, focusing on traditional hotels versus peer-to-peer platforms such as Airbnb. The authors identify dimensions of consumption authenticity, including emotional connection, personalization, and local immersion that influence brand love and brand loyalty. The main argument that the authors make is that authenticity matters more than price or convenience, which drives loyalty and emotional attachment in the hospitality sector. Airbnb’s success lies in its ability to provide a “home-like” experience and foster a sense of belonging that traditional hotels struggle to replicate. Mody and Hanks suggest that accommodation choices increasingly reflect deeper cultural desires for connection, individuality, and meaningful experience, signaling a shift in how consumers see leisure and travel identity. Although this study is before COVID-19, it shows us the impact of the pre-pandemic phase. It shows how the focus on authenticity and emotional engagement shown before COVID-19 helped us contextualize why, in post-pandemic data, smaller-scale and more local stays grew more popular, reflecting a continued movement away from mass tourism toward more intentional, value-driven forms of mobility. In contrast to Lee, Kim, and Han, who focus on family-oriented domestic tourism, Mody and Hanks provide a psychological and branding dimension to travel behavior. Together, the readings suggest that post-pandemic shifts in travel, such as the preference for nature-based destinations and local accommodations, are not purely logistical but grounded in changing cultural values around authenticity, safety, and emotional well-being. Both works support the idea that leisure is increasingly about self-expression and emotional restoration rather than consumption volume or distance traveled. The framework of authenticity remains vital for interpreting pandemic-era data.
13. SAGE Publishing. “COVID-19’s Impact on the Tourism and Hospitality Industry.” Asia Pacific Insights, 22 Nov. 2024, www.sagepub.com/explore-our-content/blogs/posts/asia-pacific-insights/2024/11/22/covid-19s-impact-on-the-tourism-and-hospitality-industry. Accessed 17 Oct. 2025.
This blog post from Asia Pacific Insights (a SAGE Publications outlet) investigates how the COVID‑19 pandemic disrupted the global tourism and hospitality sectors, with special attention to the Asia-Pacific region. The article outlines three main themes: the immediate collapse of tourism due to travel bans and lockdowns, shifts in consumer behaviour and travel patterns, and how industry actors are pursuing recovery via digital innovation and government support. For example, it notes that tourism contributes roughly 10% of global GDP, making its contraction a significant macro-economic event.This piece connects well with our team’s research into how global mobility and service-sectors were restructured post-pandemic. It complements more formal academic studies (e.g., stock-market spillover effects in the hospitality industry) by providing a more accessible, policy-oriented narrative. For instance, it resonates with empirical findings about stock market interconnectedness in the tourism/hospitality sector during COVID-19.
14. Škare, Marinko, et al. “Impact of COVID-19 on the Travel and Tourism Industry.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change, vol. 163, 2021, article 120469. Elsevier, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120469.
This article shows that COVID-19 caused severe global losses in tourism and argues that recovery will take longer than previous outbreaks like SARS and H1N1. The authors analyze data from 185 countries using PSVAR economic modeling and find significant declines in tourism GDP, employment, spending, and international arrivals. They also highlight that tourism-dependent countries suffered the most and will need coordinated government and industry support to rebuild. The paper emphasizes that the pandemic created structural challenges for tourism, not just temporary disruptions.This study matters because it provides detailed data, long-term forecasts, and clear evidence of how deeply the pandemic changed global tourism. For our group project, it helps us explain how COVID-19 reshaped both traveler behavior and the tourism economy, supporting our argument that the industry had to adapt its strategies and recovery plans due to lasting changes in demand and safety concerns.
15. Zhang, Li, et al. “The Impact of COVID-19 on Chinese Tourism among Urban Residents.” Journal of Travel Research, vol. 12, no. 3, 2023, pp. 150–168. U.S. National Library of Medicine, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11383492.
This paper explores how the COVID-19 pandemic has reshaped travel attitudes and behaviors among urban residents in China, with a particular focus on safety, health risks, and crowded environments. Using survey data and behavioral analysis, the authors show that travelers have become more cautious, favoring shorter trips, destinations with natural beauty, and outdoor activities over long-haul international travel. Many residents also prefer traveling with family rather than in large tour groups, highlighting their desire for privacy, control, and peace of mind while traveling. The value of this study lies in its focus on ordinary travelers rather than business travelers, providing insights into how ordinary people have adjusted their travel choices emotionally and practically during and after the pandemic. It also helps explain how cultural context (in this case, urban communities in China) influences people’s expectations regarding safety, hygiene, and crowd control. For our group project, this paper supports our argument that the COVID-19 pandemic has not only impacted the tourism economy but has also profoundly altered individual travel motivations and preferences, fostering a broader trend towards domestic travel, nature-oriented travel, and more environmentally conscious travel.
16. Macchiarelli, Corrado. “Update: How Is Covid-19 Affecting International Travel and Tourism?” Economics Observatory, 30 Aug. 2022, economicsobservatory.com/update-how-is-covid-19-affecting-international-travel-and-tourism.
This article examines the economic and social impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on global travel and tourism industries. It reports that international travel nearly came to a halt in 2020, with global tourism activity declining by roughly 49% and an estimated $4.5 trillion loss compared with 2019. The piece notes that while vaccination rollouts and the easing of travel restrictions have facilitated gradual recovery, the sector still faces challenges such as geopolitical tensions (e.g., the war in Ukraine), increased airline costs, and uneven recovery rates across countries—especially due to slow rebounds in major markets like China. The author argues that restoring travel connections and supporting tourism recovery should be a policy priority given the industry’s role in global employment and GDP
17. “What Is the Future of Travel?” McKinsey & Company, 7 June 2024, www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/mckinsey-explainers/what-is-the-future-of-travel
This McKinsey & Company explainer examines the post-pandemic transformation of the global travel industry using survey data collected from over 5,000 travelers in China, Germany, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The authors argue that the travel sector is on track to fully recover by the end of 2024 after having lost nearly three-quarters of its value in 2020. The article highlights several key shifts: a strong rebound in domestic tourism, which is projected to make up roughly 70% of global travel spending by 2030; the growing influence of younger generations—particularly millennials and Gen Z—whose enthusiasm for travel has increased since the pandemic; and the accelerating integration of artificial intelligence and automation in planning, booking, and personalization of travel experiences. McKinsey situates these changes within a broader narrative of resilience and adaptation, suggesting that technology, sustainability, and new traveler expectations will redefine how the industry operates in the next decade. This source contributes to my research by offering up-to-date industry insights that contextualize academic studies on the economic and behavioral consequences of COVID-19. It is particularly useful for understanding how macroeconomic recovery and technological innovation interact to reshape patterns of mobility and consumption. Although the article is not peer-reviewed and lacks detailed methodological transparency, it provides a concise, data-informed overview that bridges professional industry perspectives with economic and sociological analyses. Its predictive framework, while speculative, offers a valuable complement to more empirical scholarly literature on post-pandemic globalization and travel recovery.
18. Liou, J. J. H., Tzeng, G.-H., & Chang, H.-C. (2007). Airline safety measurement using a hybrid model. Journal of Air Transport Management, 13(4), 243–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2007.04.008
Liou, Tzeng, & Chang (2007) propose a hybrid model for evaluating and ranking airline safety performance, integrating multiple criteria to move beyond simple accident statistics. The authors combine various safety indicators, such as pilot training and maintenance procedures, to create a more nuanced assessment tool that can identify potential risks before they result in a catastrophic failure. This methodology makes an argument for a proactive and multi-faceted approach to safety management, suggesting that true safety is found in a complex system of factors rather than a single metric. The study is valuable for regulators and airlines seeking to implement predictive safety analytics, highlighting the importance of comprehensive data integration. However, the practical application of such a complex model requires significant data transparency and industry cooperation, which can be a substantial hurdle to its widespread adoption.
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Farmaki, Anna, et al. “Impacts of covid-19 on peer-to-peer accommodation platforms: Host perceptions and responses.” International Journal of Hospitality Management, vol. 91, Oct. 2020, p. 102663, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102663.
Dogru, Tarik, et al. “The Resilience of the Lodging Industry during the Pandemic: Hotels vs. Airbnb.” International Journal of Hospitality Management, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Feb. 2023, pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9707363/.
Ebrahim Shaik, Md., and Samsuddin Ahmed. “An overview of the impact of covid-19 on Road Traffic Safety and Travel Behavior.” Transportation Engineering, vol. 9, Sept. 2022, p. 100119, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.treng.2022.100119.
Lee, S., Kim, J., & Han, H. (2023). Family tourism development in the new era of tourism: Korean tourists’ domestic trip preferences for accommodation, travel duration, destination, and natural environment. Humanities & Social Sciences Communications, 10(1), Article 686. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-02148-1
Mody, M., & Hanks, L. (2020). Consumption Authenticity in the Accommodations Industry: The Keys to Brand Love and Brand Loyalty for Hotels and Airbnb. Journal of Travel Research, 59(1), 173–189. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519826233
Câmara, G. F. M., Silva, F. J. F., Vieira, J. A. C., & Teixeira, J. C. A. (2021). The effects of airline choice on accommodation type and length of stay: Evidence of an islands region. Journal of Applied Economics, 24(1), 241–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/15140326.2021.1920223
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Arnold Barnett, & Jan Reig Torra. (2024). Airline safety: Still getting better? Journal of Air Transport Management, 119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2024.102641
Currie, Graham, et al. “Evidence of a Post-COVID Change in Travel Behaviour – Self-Reported Expectations of Commuting in Melbourne.” Transportation Research. Part A, Policy and Practice, vol. 153, 2021, pp. 218–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2021.09.009.
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“What Is the Future of Travel?” McKinsey & Company, 7 June 2024, www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/mckinsey-explainers/what-is-the-future-of-travel
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